valuations

Press Contact:  Todd Paradis
tparadis@appraisers.org
(703) 733-2124

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

 

HERNDON, VA (Dec. 5, 2023) – ASA is hosting a new webinar: ME187: Valuations for Financial Reporting from an IFRS Perspective on January 24, 2024, from 1:00 pm – 5:30 pm ET presented by the Managing Director at Valcon Partners, Ltd., Douglas Krieser.

As the landscape of financial reporting valuations evolves, this comprehensive webinar aims to delve into the intricacies of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and their application in the realm of MTS (or real estate) appraisal. Led by esteemed speaker Douglas Krieser, Managing Director at Valcon Partners, Ltd., the session will cover a multitude of pertinent topics crucial for MTS appraisers to navigate the complexities of financial reporting under IFRS standards.

This webinar will offer insights into critical standards like IFRS 3, IFRS 13, IAS 16, IAS 36, and IFRS 5, along with a deep dive into fair value measurements, asset valuation, impairment, team dynamics, and essential reporting and audit processes.

Designed for MTS (or real estate) appraisers seeking a comprehensive understanding of financial reporting under IFRS standards, this webinar will award attendees 2.4 Continuing Education (CE) hours upon completion.

Registration is available online at https://bit.ly/3sW4Dmi or (800) 272-8258.

ABOUT ASA

ASA is a world-renowned and respected international organization devoted to the appraisal profession. As the oldest and only major appraisal organization representing all appraisal specialists, ASA is dedicated to providing the highest possible standards in all areas of ethics, professionalism, education, and designation criteria. For more information about ASA, the ASA designation program for appraisers, or the Society’s free “Find an Appraiser” Referral System, visit www.appraisers.org or call (800) 272-8258.

ABOUT Douglas Krieser, Managing Director | Valcon Partners, Ltd.

Douglas Krieser, ASA FRICS has performed valuations for over 34 years. He is the Managing Director at Valcon Partners, Ltd. He is a past president of the American Society of Appraisers (ASA), the past Chair of the Board of Examiners, has served on the MTS Committee and on various committees and task forces for both the ASA and the Appraisal Foundation. He has been teaching and writing ASA courses, webinars, and presentations for over 18 years.

The majority of his career has been spent performing valuations for financial reporting, ad valorem tax, and litigation purposes. Mr. Krieser has performed and supervised valuations throughout the United States, Europe, Asia, and South America. In addition to his valuation experience, Mr. Krieser is regarded as an expert witness and has testified in several states regarding personal property tax matters and in federal bankruptcy court.

In addition to authoring articles for various value-related publications and being a contributing author to various textbooks published by the ASA, Mr. Krieser has presented at national conferences on a variety of valuation and regulatory-related topics.

In addition to his membership in the ASA, Mr. Krieser is a Fellow of The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.

This press release was originally published by ASA on December 5, 2023.

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: March 16, 2022                                   

Contact: Tracey Cheek 

tlc@nafa.aero 

405.850.1292 

Aircraft Executives Joins National Aircraft Finance Association 

Edgewater, MD – National Aircraft Finance Association (NAFA) is pleased to announce that Aircraft Executives has recently joined its network of aviation professionals. Aircraft Executives provides services focused on flight operations and aircraft acquisition transactions. 

“NAFA members recognize the importance of flight operations and the data behind aircraft purchase transactions,” said Jim Blessing, president of NAFA. “Members with the type of expertise that Aircraft Executives possess are what make NAFA relevant and vital to the industry. We welcome Aircraft Executives to our organization as NAFA celebrates our 50th anniversary and look forward to their involvement in our upcoming conference and other events.” 

 Products & Services: 

• Aircraft Brokerage and Acquisition Services  

• Flight Operation Services  

• Aviation Consulting Services 

About Aircraft Executives: Based in Atlanta, Georgia, Aircraft Executives aims to ensure the best private aviation experience possible with transactions personalized to fit each client’s specific needs. The team can handle every step of the process from listing to closing and beyond with efficiency and professionalism. Aircraft Executives strives to continue relationships beyond the closing of the deal, whether to provide flight operation services or to simply be the trusted source for aviation questions.  

Aircraft Executives services include research, valuation, selection, marketing and contracts for aircraft acquisition, flight department setup and crew staffing for operation services and aviation consulting services that include appraisals, delivery, leasing and charter brokering. 

About NAFA: The National Aircraft Finance Association (NAFA) is a professional association that has been promoting the general welfare of aircraft finance for 50 years. Our network of members is comprised of lenders and product service providers who work together to finance general and business aviation aircraft. NAFA sets the standard for best practices in aviation finance by educating its members with the most up-to-date industry trends and best practices. Government legislation, market influences and industry insights allow member companies to provide the highest quality services the industry has to offer. The company now has three offices: Geneva, New York City and Dubai. 

NAFA’s Tracy Cheek explains why, more than ever, you need to do your homework, and have your financing team in place…before you begin shopping.

Selling prices for aircraft are through the roof right now, reaching levels of 20% or more above what they were just two years ago. And if the current demand persists, they could continue to increase at similar rates for years to come.

That uncertainty causes buyers to wonder if they’ll find themselves in a difficult financial position when they’re ready to sell or trade up.

It’s a dilemma, but if you are in the market to buy or replace an aircraft, fluctuating prices won’t diminish your air transportation needs. If you are ready to buy, you’re ready to buy.

Real concerns can arise, however, when it comes to financing the purchase. If you buy an aircraft at an inflated price today, what happens if the prices plunge when you decide to sell or trade? How does that affect the type of funding structures that financial organizations offer to customers in the current market? (See BAA Family (Office) Planning for Aircraft, December 2021)

Click here to read full article

This NAFA article was originally published by Business Aviation Advisor on March 14, 2022.

NAFA Member Lee Rhode, President, and CEO of Essex Aviation, discusses aircraft acquisition, strategic planning, financial, operational, and management matters - so if you'd like to know how to make a more informed decision on your air transportation options, check out this Asset Insight podcast.

Lee Rohde discusses how the consulting company he founded advises aviation-related entities on a wide range of aircraft acquisition, strategic planning, financial, operational and management matters. Specifically, Lee covers:

• Private Air Transportation options – what should prospective users consider in reviewing their options for meeting their travel requirements?
• In the event an entity determines they want to acquire an aircraft, how should they go about identifying the best model to meet their travel requirements?
• What factors have the greatest influence on the decision to acquire a new vs. a pre-owned aircraft?
• The issues and complexities associated with refurbishing or upgrading a pre-owned aircraft.
• The expertise an entity should secure if they are planning an aircraft acquisition.
• The factors to be considered when determining an Offer Price for an aircraft.
• What a pre-purchase inspection entails and why it is such an important part of acquisition process.

Listen to full podcast here

This Asset Insight podcast was originally published by AvBuyer on December 10, 2021.

NAFA member, Jeremy Cox, President of JetValues-Jeremy LLC, shares his latest article. 

The title of this article is both accurate and misleading all at once. “Provenance” definitely applies to certain Warbirds; but here is the misleading part - it also applies to anything of value - art, jewelry, ships, automobiles, vintage aircraft, spacecraft, and the list goes on.

 “Provenance” is used extensively by the major auction houses like Sotheby’s, and Christies; and also, by me - an aircraft appraiser who specializes in “off-book” aircraft (any aircraft not listed/covered any Price/Value Guide, and therefore requires me to do a lot of research before I can confidently calculate a credible opinion of value.) “Provenance” is defined by Merriam-Webster, as: ‘1. Origin, Source; 2. the history of ownership of a valued object, or work of art, or literature.’

Simon de Burton of Classic Driver Online Magazine has identified the fact that Cars previously owned by Steve McQueen (ownership history) are “all at least double the value of a comparable, non-McQueen examples.” A Series 1 Land Rover gifted to Sir Winston Churchill on his 80th birthday made £119,000 (just over $188,000) in 2012, which is at least four-times a regular ‘mint’ Series 1 would have made at the time.

A private jet once owned by Elvis Presley sold for $430,000 at a California auction. The 1962 Lockheed Jetstar (L-1329 Jetstar 6, s/n. 5016, N440RM) had sat on a ramp in Roswell, New Mexico for 35 years and had no engines and an unrestored cockpit. 400 to 500 percent above Fair Market Value (FMV.)

Frank Sinatra, after taking delivery of his new Learjet 23 in 1965 (s/n. 031 – N175FS), named it Christina II after his youngest daughter. Atlanta Air Salvage discovered the ownership history in 2005. 400 to 500 percent above FMV.

P-51D-20-NA, s/n. 44-72364 (N723FH) is a combat veteran with the Eighth Air Force’s 353rd Fighter Group. It was assigned to Captain Harrison “Bud” Tordoff, who shot down a German Me 262 jet fighter. The Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum acquired the aircraft in 1998. This Mustang is restored to be almost exactly the same as it was in 1945. Bought by the late Paul Allen in 2004 for $9M. 500 to 600 percent above FMV.

In September 1980 the wreckage of a Spitfire aircraft emerged from the sands of Calais beach. It had crash-landed during the Second World War. Initially, the identity of the aircraft remained a mystery but following its recovery by the manager of the nearby Hoverport in January 1981, the Spitfire was identified as P9374, an early Mk 1 version of Supermarine’s finest creation.

Spitfire P9374 was one of a batch of 138 Spitfires built under Air Ministry contract at Supermarine’s Woolston works and delivered to the RAF on 2 March 1940 before arriving at 92 Squadron at RAF Croydon four days later. 

Records show that P9374 had a total flight time of 32 hours and 5 minutes at the time of its loss on Friday 24 May 1940.

On Thursday 1 September 2011 P9374 was test-flown after a complete restoration/rebuild by a company in Duxford, Cambridgeshire.

On Thursday 9 July 2015 at the Christie’s, King Street Auction House, London this 1940 MK.1 Spitfire, serial number P9374 sold under the hammer for $4,836,000 (double its estimate & market value.) Ronald Lauder (Estee Lauder family) purchased this aircraft and shipped it to his aircraft collection based in New York.

When a craft crosses the “Karman Line” - the linear division between the surface of the Earth and Space (Fédération Aéronautique Internationale definition: The ‘Karman Line’ is located 62 statute miles/330,000 feet or (100 km) above Mean Sea Level) its FMV ‘skyrockets’ (please excuse my pun.) Earl Mullins, who is a life-long expert collector and trader of ‘space artifacts’, as well as the Founder and President of The Space Museum , in Bonne Terre, Missouri, has determined that any artifact that has the provenance of having flown in-space, is worth at least five-times (500 percent) what it is as merely an earthbound object; additionally, the ‘holy grail’ for collectors – an artifact that has flown to, and landed on the Moon, is worth at least nine-times (900 percent) what it is as merely an earthbound object.

How do I confidently use these examples to factor-in “Provenance” into my appraisals? First, I will categorize the subject aircraft/spacecraft:

Based on ‘age’, and when historical provenance value is considered, I categorize all as follows:

1.     1.         Pre 20^th Century (all dates prior)

2.     Pioneer (1900 thru 1913)

3.     Great War (1914 thru 1919)

4.     Roaring 20’s includes the ‘First Record Breakers’ (1920 thru 1929)

5.     Pre-World War includes the ‘Second Record Breakers’ (1930 thru 1939)

6.     Early Rotary Wing (1923 thru 1945)

7.     WWII Warbird Era (1940 thru 1946)

8.     Modern Rotary Wing (1946 to-date)

9.     Pistons Golden Age (1947 thru 1958)

10.  Early Jets (mostly Warbirds 1942 thru 1957)

11.  Classic Turboprops (1948 thru 1987)

12.  The Jet Age (1958 thru 1980)

13.  Modern Jets (1981 to-date)

14.  Modern Turboprops (1988 to-date)

15.  Pistons ‘Pre LCD/EFIS’ (1959 thru 1998)

16.  Modern Pistons (1999 to-date)

17.  Ultralight/Amateur Built/Light Sport (any dates)

18.  Electric Aircraft (any dates)

19.  Replica (any dates)

20.  Spacecraft (a vehicle for operation outside the Earth’s atmosphere (1944 to-date))

Next, I will hold any verified facts regarding the subject that I have discovered during my research - against the following “Provenance” Events listed out in my “Provenance” Rating Table, as follows:

• Images and/or Film Footage in-action
• Documented Kills
• Operated in Action (Flown during a conflict)
• Famous Pilot
• Operated for an Iconic Person
• Operated for a Famous Person
• Operated for a Person of Note
• Made a Unique Kill (like shooting down a jet when a piston aircraft, or dropped the first whatever?)
• Only One In Existence in the World (Must be Original)
• Only One Flying in the World
• Restored to be Authentic
• Grand Champion Gold Wrench Award at EAA AirVenture (or Int’l Equiv.)
• Grand Champion Award at Sun ‘n Fun (or Int’l Equiv.)
• Still Operational in a Squadron/Air Force (Not for demonstration purposes)

My “Provenance” Rating Table also applies to Civilian (non-Warbird), and Spacecraft, with different categories in each group.

All-through the last 280 years of aviation history, there have been more than 1,150 aircraft manufacturers who produced aircraft of some form, or another. Between all Price-Guides-all added together - less than 150 mfrs. are covered by them, therefore, when I use my term: “Off-Book” aircraft, I am referring to the 1,000+ makes and models of aircraft that are not covered.

Fortunately for me, I have found that there is an excellent living to be made from appraising ‘Off-Book” Aircraft. All it takes is a willingness to work in-part as a researcher, historian and aviation geek – all in addition to my ‘day-job’ as an accredited aircraft appraiser.

As one of my clients put it to me recently: ”You are discovering the provenance of my aircraft which is great!”…Meaning, through my research the history of the subject aircraft – its history unfolds into both a written and pictorial narrative included in my appraisal report, which often deserves a higher appraised value.

Nothing is ‘made-up’ or invented - Just discovered!

This article is written by Jeremy Cox, President of JetValues-Jeremy LLC, and published by NAFA on February 25, 2022.

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: February 15, 2022                                   

Contact: Tracey Cheek 

tlc@nafa.aero 

405.850.1292 

JetValues-Jeremy LLC Joins National Aircraft Finance Association 

Edgewater, MD – National Aircraft Finance Association (NAFA) is pleased to announce that JetValues-Jeremy LLC has recently joined its network of aviation professionals. Jet Values-Jermey LLC provides appraisals for all aircraft with expertise in covering aircraft not covered by any price guide.  

“NAFA members proudly support general and business aviation aircraft throughout the world, and we’re happy to add JetValues-Jeremy LLC to our association,” said Jim Blessing, president of NAFA. “Accurate, reasonable appraisals are essential for our members and the purchases they make. Without a good appraisal, owners, buyers, and financial institutions have nothing to work with. As NAFA celebrates our 50th anniversary, we point to the many services our members offer to the public, including the work Jet Values-Jeremy LLC does in the aircraft appraisal industry.”  

Products & Services 

• Aviation consulting 

• Aircraft management 

• Asset appraisals 

• Expert witness in aviation legal cases 

About JetValues-Jeremy LLC: JetValues-Jeremy LLC is based in the St. Louis area but provides global service as required. Jeremy Cox, known in the industry as ‘JetValues Jeremy,’ is active in the aviation industry as a commercial and instrument-rated pilot, A & P (Airframe & Powerplant) mechanic with an IA (Inspection Authorization), and FCC GROL Radio Operator License with Radar. Cox has extensive experience serving as the direct interface between aircraft purchasers and sellers, from marketplace research to pre-purchase inspection monitoring and aircraft appraisal. Jeremy is also a regular contributing aviation writer, having been published in a variety of trade journals. He is also an instructor for the American Society of Appraisers in the ASA Aircraft Valuation Education Program. Cox is active in the Greater St. Louis Business Aviation Association, National Business Aviation Association, the Experimental Aircraft Association, and the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. He is also a Colonel in the Commemorative Air Force. 

About NAFA: The National Aircraft Finance Association (NAFA) is a professional association that has been promoting the general welfare of aircraft finance for 50 years. Our network of members is comprised of lenders and product service providers who work together to finance general and business aviation aircraft. NAFA sets the standard for best practices in aviation finance by educating its members on the most up-to-date industry trends and best practices. Government legislation, market influences, and industry insights allow member companies to provide the highest quality services the industry has to offer.  

NAFA member, VREF President Jason Zilberbrand, discusses how the used business aircraft sales market is performing moving into 2022? 

What a difference a year makes! The doom and gloom within the pre-owned aircraft sales market just over a year ago is almost hard to believe. VREF's Jason Zilberbrand summarizes the latest market report for Q4 2021...

While there are still many unknowns in terms of the global supply chain, inflation, interest rates, and another winter of pandemic, the one thing we can say for sure is that General Aviation is back, as evidenced by recent used aircraft sales activity.

There was a time when that wasn’t even a thought. Cheap airline tickets, and service to every part of the world made it easy to forget how critical General Aviation is to the economy.

Today, however, the erratic behavior of passengers on commercial flights has been problematic, leading to a number of aborted flights. Attacks on airline employees and fellow passengers have made the headlines. As if the airlines needed any more issues to deal with, they also face labor problems, pilot shortages and vaccination mandates. These issues have helped propel private air travel, giving it a prominent place in today’s economy.

Read full article here

This article was originally published by AvBuyer on December 28, 2021.

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: February 8, 2022                                   

Contact: Tracey Cheek 

tlc@nafa.aero 

405.850.1292 

Adler Aviation, Inc. Joins National Aircraft Finance Association 

Edgewater, MD – National Aircraft Finance Association (NAFA) is pleased to announce that Adler Aviation, Inc. has recently joined its network of aviation professionals. Adler Aviation provides trained and certified aircraft appraisers, FAA licensed A&P/AI technicians, FAA-licensed pilots and AAI logbook and maintenance records specialists. For the past 50 years, they have served buyers and sellers of personal and business aircraft, financial institutions, legal and accounting firms, insurance companies, government agencies, and corporate aviation departments. 

“NAFA members uphold some of the highest standards of professionalism in the world and we’re happy to add Adler Aviation to our association,” said Jim Blessing, president of NAFA. “As NAFA celebrates our 50th anniversary, we recognize that consulting services such as those provided by Adler are what keep our members actively engaged and aware of the latest legislation, trends, and options available.” 

Products & Services 

• Aviation and aircraft consulting services 

• USAP-compliant aircraft appraisals and fair market value analysis 

• Complete needs analysis and aircraft selection 

• Analysis of current operational usage 

• Charter/fractional cost analysis vs. whole-aircraft ownership 

• On-site completion and refurbishment management 

About Adler Aviation: Adler Aviation, Inc., based in The Villages, FL, was founded by Jim Hausch, a veteran of the aviation industry. The company’s internal database of aircraft appraisals and buyer’s agent transactions date back to 2000. This extensive collection of information contributes to the statistical bases of aircraft value models and future value forecasts, supplemented by numerous industry aircraft pricing sources to provide historical and current market data. Because of the confidential nature of many aircraft agreements, AAI follows a strict company code of ethics and standard practices. To learn more about Adler Aviation, visit http://www.adleraviation.aero or email jimhausch@adleraviation.aero. 

About NAFA: The National Aircraft Finance Association (NAFA) is a professional association that has been promoting the general welfare of aircraft finance for 50 years. Our network of members is comprised of lenders and product service providers who work together to finance general and business aviation aircraft. NAFA sets the standard for best practices in aviation finance by educating its members with the most up-to-date industry trends and best practices. Government legislation, market influences, and industry insights allow member companies to provide the highest quality services the industry has to offer.  

NAFA member, Asset Insight's Tony Kioussis offers some guidance on how it is possible to understand buyer and seller dynamics when it comes to valuing a business jet or turboprop on the pre-owned market.

If you're seeking a deeper insight into the value of a private jet or turboprop on the pre-owned business airplane market, you'd do well to understand Asset Insight's ETP Ratio, how it's derived, and what it signifies.

Imagine, for a moment, the following scenario where two business jets of the same make/model are listed for sale: The total time for one is 3,800 flight hours,while the second has accumulated 4,200 flight hours. Both are inviting prospective buyers to make an offer.

Now imagine that one prospective buyer offers $4m for the higher-time aircraft, while another prospect offers $2.8m for the lower-time aircraft. Both offers are accepted. How did these two buyers justify their offer price?

What the cursory information didn’t reveal is that the aircraft model in question has engine overhauls due at 4,000 flight hours, and the total cost to complete that event is estimated to be around $1m.

Read full article here

This article was originally published by AvBuyer on September 27, 2021.

NAFA member, Brad Harris, President and CEO of Dallas Jet International, discusses how the firm he founded helps aircraft purchasers and sellers meet their private transportation needs through market knowledge and active participation during every step of a proven, streamlined process structured to ensure a successful outcome for the client. Topics covered include:

• Determining the optimum aircraft to meet a client’s requirements.
• Factors to consider in determining whether to purchase a new or an in-service aircraft.
• The benefits of using an experienced acquisition consultant.
• Determining and justifying an aircraft purchase price.
• The process for establishing and overseeing a successful pre-purchase inspection.
• Determining the correct State to close an aircraft transaction.
• The optimum ownership period to replace an aircraft.
• Strategies an owner can use to optimize the value of their asset.
• The criteria that make one in-service aircraft more marketable over other similar assets.
• The value an aircraft broker brings to the table when selling an aircraft.

Watch podcast here

This podcast was originally published by Asset Insight, Season 1, Episode 9. 

NAFA member, Jason Zilberbrand, President & CTO of VREF, discusses aircraft loans.

Getting a loan for an aircraft of your choice can be an endeavor; however, financing is an available option (of course, depending on a few factors).

You might first assume that obtaining a loan for aircraft is a similar process to buying a car. In reality, funding your plane through a lender follows more closely with buying a home.

The time frame is longer. Lenders offer different rates depending on your net worth, credit history, and aircraft model. How you plan to use the airplane can also be a consideration. There are also more types of lenders than one might be aware of, from large banks to regional credit unions. We will go through them all.

Read full article here.

This article was originally published by VREF on July 7, 2021.

NAFA member, Jason Zilberbrand, President & CTO of VREF Aircraft Value Reference & Appraisal Services, shares what to look for when buying a project plane.

Looking to buy a project plane? It seems easy enough, but is it something you should consider?

If there is one thing a hot market will create is a lack of inventory. The fewer the aircraft available to the buying public, the more appealing project aircraft become. There are varying degrees of what some call a project aircraft, from the easy stuff like cosmetic updates to total restoration that can take years to complete.

Keep in mind that there are no easy wins when it comes to project planes. It’s a commitment. Continue for more information and insider tips on buying a project plane without losing your lunch.

Read the full article here.

This article was originally published by VREF on June 11, 2021.

NAFA member, Jason Zilberbrand, President and CTO of VREF Aircraft Value Reference & Appraisal Services, shares the latest information you need to know regarding locations for valuations and top single-engine piston aircraft.

Following the outbreak of COVID-19, commercial air travel fell drastically. Currently, the United States is rounding a corner of the pandemic, and more people are free to fly around the country with little restriction.

However, with the temporary measures that restricted air travel in 2020, private air travel increased. Despite the lowering of commercial restrictions, more and more people have gotten a taste of flying private and don’t plan on stopping any time soon.

Read on to learn more about the top single-engine piston aircraft and the best locations for valuations in 2021, whether your search is international or domestic.

Read full article here.

This article was originally published by VREF on June 14, 2021.

NAFA member JSSI Advisory Services shares what you need to know about aircraft appraisals. 

What is an aircraft appraisal?

Appraisals are used across the board to determine the value of assets. You may have encountered an appraisal while securing your home mortgage, for example, and they are also used to determine the worth of your business aircraft. The American Society of Appraisers (ASA), the governing body for appraisal accreditation, defines the process as “an unbiased, third-party opinion of value.”

When you own and operate an aircraft, you may need to keep a finger on the pulse of your asset’s current value for tax and depreciation purposes, but it’s also important to be informed if you wish to refinance or sell your jet, turboprop or helicopter. Aircraft appraisals are often a required condition from many lenders and lessors prior to entering a financial transaction.

Read full article here.

This article was originally published by JSSI Advisory Services on July 19, 2021.

NAFA member, Jason Zilberbrand, President and CTO of VREF, discusses the aviation supply chain and it's impact on the aviation industry.

If you’re having trouble purchasing an aircraft or getting your aircraft in for regular maintenance, know you’re not alone. There are several factors that are affecting the aviation industry at the moment. However, there is a large emphasis on aviation supply chain challenges causing some trouble for aircraft owners everywhere.

In other words, if you haven’t stocked up on parts for your aircraft now, you could be waiting for a while to get the maintenance you need. Unfortunately, there is no flawless solution to this problem. But you can take some steps to help your future self.

Read on for some of the most disruptive supply chain challenges. Also, see what you can do to avoid potential problems.

Read full article here.

This article was originally published by VREF on July 7, 2021.